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  • 9 mph — How much a single word inflated speed estimates. 'Smashed' versus 'contacted' — same crash, same witnesses, different memory.

    9 mph How much a single word inflated speed estimates. 'Smashed' versus 'contacted' — same crash, same witnesses, different memory.

  • 75% — Share of participants in Asch's conformity experiments who changed their answer at least once to match the group, even when the group was clearly wrong

    75% Share of participants in Asch's conformity experiments who changed their answer at least once to match the group, even when the group was clearly wrong

  • 38 — Years Anthony Fauci led NIAID while privately receiving emails flagging the virus may have been engineered, a concern he never disclosed publicly.

    38 Years Anthony Fauci led NIAID while privately receiving emails flagging the virus may have been engineered, a concern he never disclosed publicly.

  • n/k — Agent reads O(n) lines from the raw file, O(k) from the audit CSV. k is bounded by your rule count; n grows with your data.

    n/k Agent reads O(n) lines from the raw file, O(k) from the audit CSV. k is bounded by your rule count; n grows with your data.

  • 100% — Share of podcast episodes distributed via RSS, a protocol from 2002 that the $25B podcast industry never replaced

    100% Share of podcast episodes distributed via RSS, a protocol from 2002 that the $25B podcast industry never replaced

  • 2× — Predictive validity of structured versus unstructured interviews for job performance

    2× Predictive validity of structured versus unstructured interviews for job performance

  • 90% — Share of successful US startup exits that are acquisitions, not IPOs

    90% Share of successful US startup exits that are acquisitions, not IPOs

  • 100% — US public companies required by the SEC to disclose material business risks annually in their 10-K filings

    100% US public companies required by the SEC to disclose material business risks annually in their 10-K filings

  • 74% — High-growth startup failures caused by premature scaling, growing before comprehension and viability are validated

    74% High-growth startup failures caused by premature scaling, growing before comprehension and viability are validated

  • 20% — Fewer unique ideas generated by brainstorming groups versus the same number of individuals working alone

    20% Fewer unique ideas generated by brainstorming groups versus the same number of individuals working alone

  • 42% — Developer time spent on technical debt rather than new features

    42% Developer time spent on technical debt rather than new features

  • 42% — Startups that fail due to 'no market need'. A significant fraction are solving real problems customers won't admit publicly, not absent ones.

    42% Startups that fail due to 'no market need'. A significant fraction are solving real problems customers won't admit publicly, not absent ones.

  • 2.4× — Speed at which products with high social currency spread versus functionally identical alternatives

    2.4× Speed at which products with high social currency spread versus functionally identical alternatives

  • 3,900% — Dropbox user growth in 15 months after launching its referral programme

    3,900% Dropbox user growth in 15 months after launching its referral programme

  • 7 — Average number of brand exposures needed before a consumer remembers a message

    7 Average number of brand exposures needed before a consumer remembers a message

  • 83% — Consumers who trust recommendations from people they know above all other channels

    83% Consumers who trust recommendations from people they know above all other channels

  • 80% — Share of Netflix content watched driven by its personalisation algorithm, not search or browsing

    80% Share of Netflix content watched driven by its personalisation algorithm, not search or browsing

  • 64% — Software features that are rarely or never used

    64% Software features that are rarely or never used

  • 1 in 4 — People globally affected by anxiety disorders

    1 in 4 People globally affected by anxiety disorders

  • 32.2h — Shortest average working week in Europe: the Netherlands

    32.2h Shortest average working week in Europe: the Netherlands

  • 44% — Workers worldwide reporting significant stress daily at work

    44% Workers worldwide reporting significant stress daily at work

  • 80% — Aviation accidents attributable to human factors

    80% Aviation accidents attributable to human factors

  • 60% — Occupations with at least 30% of tasks technically automatable

    60% Occupations with at least 30% of tasks technically automatable

  • 99.99% — AWS SLA uptime: 52 minutes of permitted downtime per year

    99.99% AWS SLA uptime: 52 minutes of permitted downtime per year

  • -65% — Reduction in Swedish road fatalities since Vision Zero launched in 1997

    -65% Reduction in Swedish road fatalities since Vision Zero launched in 1997

  • 2.5% — Japan's unemployment rate alongside world-leading robot density

    2.5% Japan's unemployment rate alongside world-leading robot density

  • 27.6% — Clicks captured by the top Google result; page two gets less than 1%

    27.6% Clicks captured by the top Google result; page two gets less than 1%

  • 120× — Difference in views between identical posts, same content, same time of day

    120× Difference in views between identical posts, same content, same time of day

  • $75B — Airbnb's market cap, built from three air mattresses already sitting in a closet

    $75B Airbnb's market cap, built from three air mattresses already sitting in a closet

  • 200M+ — Amazon Prime subscribers, built on the bet that customers will always want lower prices, wider selection, faster delivery

    200M+ Amazon Prime subscribers, built on the bet that customers will always want lower prices, wider selection, faster delivery

  • 95% — Reduction in cost per kilogram to orbit: Space Shuttle vs SpaceX Falcon 9 reusable

    95% Reduction in cost per kilogram to orbit: Space Shuttle vs SpaceX Falcon 9 reusable

  • $3.1B — Match Group annual revenue in 2023, earned entirely from users who are still searching, across Tinder, Hinge, and OkCupid

    $3.1B Match Group annual revenue in 2023, earned entirely from users who are still searching, across Tinder, Hinge, and OkCupid

  • 2026 — Year browser-native agentic AI via WebMCP became a plausible production architecture, not just a demo

    2026 Year browser-native agentic AI via WebMCP became a plausible production architecture, not just a demo

  • 70 — Approximate share of global activity a coordinated bloc must cover before leakage from unregulated jurisdictions becomes de minimis for global externalities

    70 Approximate share of global activity a coordinated bloc must cover before leakage from unregulated jurisdictions becomes de minimis for global externalities

  • 6x — Times more growth a country at 20% spending gains from a 1-point cut compared to a country at 50%, derived from the power law fit with alpha=1.5

    6x Times more growth a country at 20% spending gains from a 1-point cut compared to a country at 50%, derived from the power law fit with alpha=1.5

  • 0.42 — R-squared for the power law fit between government spending share and GDP growth across 113 countries (2005-2023). The quadratic Armey Curve fits at R2=0.39.

    0.42 R-squared for the power law fit between government spending share and GDP growth across 113 countries (2005-2023). The quadratic Armey Curve fits at R2=0.39.

  • 2008 — Year Apple first launched web app capabilities on iPhone, sixteen years before quietly removing them in EU markets under iOS 17.4

    2008 Year Apple first launched web app capabilities on iPhone, sixteen years before quietly removing them in EU markets under iOS 17.4

  • 1,000,000 — Legal migrants per year that EU Commissioner Johansson said Europe needs to offset population decline

    1,000,000 Legal migrants per year that EU Commissioner Johansson said Europe needs to offset population decline

  • 64,000 — Prospects needed at the top of a fully cold funnel (2.5% conversion, 3 steps) to close 1 deal per day. Add warm leads and the number drops dramatically.

    64,000 Prospects needed at the top of a fully cold funnel (2.5% conversion, 3 steps) to close 1 deal per day. Add warm leads and the number drops dramatically.

  • 49.6% — Share of strategic potential lost during execution due to misalignment between intent and action, measured across public sector organizations

    49.6% Share of strategic potential lost during execution due to misalignment between intent and action, measured across public sector organizations

  • 2.97 — FID score achieved by guided diffusion on ImageNet 256x256 in 2021, beating the best GAN score of 3.87 for the first time

    2.97 FID score achieved by guided diffusion on ImageNet 256x256 in 2021, beating the best GAN score of 3.87 for the first time

  • 1979 — Year Vaclav Havel wrote The Power of the Powerless, arguing that individuals can resist a system not by confronting it but by refusing to live within its lies

    1979 Year Vaclav Havel wrote The Power of the Powerless, arguing that individuals can resist a system not by confronting it but by refusing to live within its lies

  • 128 — Number of experts used in the sparsely-gated MoE layer proposed by Shazeer et al. in 2017, which outperformed dense LSTM models at lower compute cost per token

    128 Number of experts used in the sparsely-gated MoE layer proposed by Shazeer et al. in 2017, which outperformed dense LSTM models at lower compute cost per token

  • 25× — How much longer it takes to charge an EV with a supercharger than to fill a petrol tank

    25× How much longer it takes to charge an EV with a supercharger than to fill a petrol tank

  • 200+ — Wing surface variations tested by the Wright brothers in their homemade wind tunnel between September and December 1901, before building a single aircraft

    200+ Wing surface variations tested by the Wright brothers in their homemade wind tunnel between September and December 1901, before building a single aircraft

  • 0 — Internet permissions requested by Love Score: the app had no network access and processed everything locally on the device

    0 Internet permissions requested by Love Score: the app had no network access and processed everything locally on the device

  • 50% — Share of the top 50 French websites (Alexa) where video is the core feature

    50% Share of the top 50 French websites (Alexa) where video is the core feature

  • 1,500+ — YCombinator portfolio companies by 2018, each shaped by a program culture visible in the forums before you apply

    1,500+ YCombinator portfolio companies by 2018, each shaped by a program culture visible in the forums before you apply

  • 4.7M — Events created on Eventbrite in 2018 alone, each needing someone to decide if it was real, with no shared authority model to make that call

    4.7M Events created on Eventbrite in 2018 alone, each needing someone to decide if it was real, with no shared authority model to make that call

  • 9 — Nodes in the cyclic intelligence model: three equivalent buffer spaces and six processing modules

    9 Nodes in the cyclic intelligence model: three equivalent buffer spaces and six processing modules

  • 6 — Forms of information imperfection: three corrupting input flows, three corrupting output flows

    6 Forms of information imperfection: three corrupting input flows, three corrupting output flows

  • 3 — Modes of interpretive sovereignty: theocratic (external authority), democratic (negotiated), autocratic (self-referential)

    3 Modes of interpretive sovereignty: theocratic (external authority), democratic (negotiated), autocratic (self-referential)

  • 1980 — Year Harnad first formalized the symbol grounding problem, asking how symbols acquire meaning rather than just relational structure

    1980 Year Harnad first formalized the symbol grounding problem, asking how symbols acquire meaning rather than just relational structure

  • 1 month — Duration of the 42 Piscine selection process, with no grades or ranking published during it

    1 month Duration of the 42 Piscine selection process, with no grades or ranking published during it

  • 50% — Better long-term retention from active recall versus passive re-reading

    50% Better long-term retention from active recall versus passive re-reading

  • 120,000 — Asylum seekers the European Commission proposed to redistribute across EU member states under mandatory quotas in September 2015

    120,000 Asylum seekers the European Commission proposed to redistribute across EU member states under mandatory quotas in September 2015

  • 100% — Share of my first freelance clients acquired through personal recommendations, not cold outreach

    100% Share of my first freelance clients acquired through personal recommendations, not cold outreach

  • ∞ — The generator's output space: given a random noise vector, it can produce an image that has never existed before

    ∞ The generator's output space: given a random noise vector, it can produce an image that has never existed before

  • 2 — Axes used to map every contact: balance (who initiates more) and passion (how active the exchange is over time)

    2 Axes used to map every contact: balance (who initiates more) and passion (how active the exchange is over time)

  • 4 — Days Poroshenko had been president when he sat across from Putin at Normandy, with no army to speak of and asymmetric need written across the table

    4 Days Poroshenko had been president when he sat across from Putin at Normandy, with no army to speak of and asymmetric need written across the table

  • ~330 EUR — Approximate price of one bitcoin in euros on the day La Maison du Bitcoin opened in Paris, May 13, 2014

    ~330 EUR Approximate price of one bitcoin in euros on the day La Maison du Bitcoin opened in Paris, May 13, 2014

  • 1994 — Year Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum, giving up the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal in exchange for security guarantees from Russia, the US, and UK

    1994 Year Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum, giving up the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal in exchange for security guarantees from Russia, the US, and UK

  • 2013 — Year the 3D Printshow brought industrial, medical, and consumer 3D printing under one roof at the Carousel du Louvre, Paris

    2013 Year the 3D Printshow brought industrial, medical, and consumer 3D printing under one roof at the Carousel du Louvre, Paris

  • 1954 — Year Penninghen was founded in Paris, one of the oldest schools for art direction and graphic design in France

    1954 Year Penninghen was founded in Paris, one of the oldest schools for art direction and graphic design in France

  • 2012 — Year browser-based interactive prototyping tools became accessible to non-engineers, letting anyone design clickable UI mockups without writing code

    2012 Year browser-based interactive prototyping tools became accessible to non-engineers, letting anyone design clickable UI mockups without writing code

  • 1296 — Year construction began on the Florence Cathedral, which Ezio climbs in Assassin's Creed II and which you can still climb today

    1296 Year construction began on the Florence Cathedral, which Ezio climbs in Assassin's Creed II and which you can still climb today

  • $1.5B — Cost of the NSA Utah Data Center, revealed in March 2012, built to store intercepted internet traffic at scale

    $1.5B Cost of the NSA Utah Data Center, revealed in March 2012, built to store intercepted internet traffic at scale

  • 87% — Drop in irregular boat arrivals to Italy after the 2008 Italy-Libya migration cooperation deal with Gaddafi

    87% Drop in irregular boat arrivals to Italy after the 2008 Italy-Libya migration cooperation deal with Gaddafi

  • 1485 — Year Leonardo da Vinci sketched a working aerial screw, a helicopter prototype, 418 years before the Wright Brothers flew

    1485 Year Leonardo da Vinci sketched a working aerial screw, a helicopter prototype, 418 years before the Wright Brothers flew